1. The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movementin 18th century Europe.List at least 3 leading enlighteners in England.What are the important thing those enlighterners celebrated in this movement?
启蒙运动是18世纪欧洲的一个进步的知识分子运动。在英国列出至少3个主要的启发者。在这场运动中，那些被照 亮的人最重要的是什么？
Daniel Defoe,Samual Richards on,Henry Fielding,Oliver Goldsmith.
They are the prominent figures in developing the modern English movel,which gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.This is the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the 18th century.
他们是发展现代英语语言的杰出人物，为普通英国人的生活提供了现实的展示。这是18世纪英国文学发展史上最重 要的一种现象.
2. What is the belieft of the neoclassicists about literature?
新古典主义者关于文学的信仰是什么？
According to the neoclassicists,all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classic works of the ancient Greeek and Roman writers and those of the contemporary French ones.They believed that the artistic ideals should be order,logic,restrained emotion and accuracy,a nd that literature should be judged in terms of its service to huma nity
根据新古典主义者的说法，所有的文学形式都是仿照古代希腊文和罗马作家的经典著作和同时代的法国作家的作品。 他们认为艺术理想应该是秩序，逻辑,克制的情感和准确性，文学应该根据对人性的服务来判断.
3. According to the neoclassicists,what are the standards for literature during the neoclassical period?
根据新古典主义的说法，新古典主义时期文学的标准是什么？
Neoclassicists had fixed rules for almost every genre of literature:
Prose should be precise,direct,smooth and flexible;Poetry should be lyrical,epical,didactic,satiric or dramatic,and each class should be guided by its own principles;Drama should be written in the heroic couplets,the Three Unities should be strictly observed,regularity in con structi on should be adhereed to,a nd the typical characters rather than individuals should be represented.
新古典主义者对几乎每种文学体裁都有固定的规则：
散文应该准确、直接、光滑和灵活，诗歌应该是抒情，英勇的,说教的，讽刺的或戏剧性的，和每一个类应该遵循自己的原 则;戏剧应该写在英雄的对联中，应该严格遵守三个原则，在建设中应遵循规律，典型的人物而非个人应该被描绘出来。
4. As a rule,a n allegory is story in verse or prose with a double mea ning:a surface meaning,a nd an implied
meaning.List two works as examples of allegory.What is an allegory usually concerned with by its implied meaning? 作为
一个规则，寓言是在诗或散文中有双重含义的故事:一个表面的意思，一个隐含的意思。列举两个作品作为寓言的 例子。寓言通常指的它的隐含意义是什么？
John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress and Spenser's The Faerie Queene.
An allegory is usually concerned with moral,religious,political,symbolic or mythical ideas. 约翰班扬的《天路历程》和斯宾塞的
《仙后》。
寓言通常是隐含道德、宗教、政治、象征性的或神秘的意义。
5. Joh n Buny an's The Pilgrim's Progress is gen erally regarded as a religious allegory.What does the work
symbolically concern?What is the predominant metaphor that is carried on through the whole work?And what is the author's purpose in writing such a book?
约翰班扬的《天路历程》被普遍认为是一个宗教寓言。这部作品象征意义是什么？ 贯穿整个作品的主要隐喻是什么？作者写这本书的目的是什么？
It concerns the search for spiritual salvation.
“That life is a journey” is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and to seek salvation.
它关注的是寻求精神上的救赎。
“生命是一段旅程”，是要敦促人们遵守教的教义，寻求救赎。
6. What are the common features of Defoe's four minor novels? And what are their significances?
笛福的四部小小说的共同特征是什么？它们的意义是什么？
Defoe's four minor novels deal with the pers onal history of some hero or heroine usually a whore,a pi rate, a pickpocket,a rogue or some other criminal.Their history is traced from their unfortunate childhood,through their many vicissitudes in life, to their final prosperity or re penta nee and death.The all-powerful influe nee of material circumstances or social environment which prevents them from obtaining the goal under normal circumstances and thus forces them into criminal actions or bold adventures.The group of the four novels clearly manifest Defoe's deep concern for the poor and the unfortunate in his society.They are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people.
笛福的四部小小说涉及一些男女主人公的个人历史，通常是妓女、海盗、小偷、流氓或其他犯罪分子。他们的历史可 追溯至他们不幸的童年，通过他们人生的沧桑，到最终的成功或悔改和死亡。物质环境或社会环境的强大影响，使他 们无法在正常情况下获得目标，从而迫使他们进入犯罪行为或大胆的冒险行为。这四部小说组清楚地表现了笛福的深 切关心穷人和他的社会的不幸。他们是第一批致力于研究下层阶级问题的文学作品。
7. What makes Sheridan the only important English dramatist of the 18th century?
是什么让谢丽丹成为18世纪英国最重要的戏剧家？
There are two reasons.
First,his plays,especially The Rivals and The School for Scan dal are gen erally regarded as importa nt links betwee n the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw,a nd as true classics in En glish comedy.
Second,his greatness also lies in his theatrical art.His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man.
有两个原因。
首先，他的戏剧，尤其是《情敌》和《造谣学校》，通常被认为是莎士比亚和萧伯纳的杰作之间的重要联系，也是英 语喜剧中的经典。 其次，他的伟大也在于他的戏剧艺术。他的戏剧是戏剧天才的产物，也是一位精通戏剧的人的产物。
Discussio n
1. Da niel Defoe's Robins on Crusoe is a very in flue ntial novel in the en lightenme nt period of the English literature.lt depicts Crusoe as a fiture of middle class who makes success through his own hard work. Discuss the social reason why the novel becomes so successful.
丹尼尔•笛福的《鲁滨逊漂流记》是一部非常有影响的小说在英国文学启蒙时期。它把克鲁索描绘成一个中产阶 级的人，他通过自己的努力取得成功。探讨小说何以如此成功的社会原因。
Robins on Crusoe is supposedly based on the real adve nture of an Alexa nder Selkirk who once stayed alone on the uninhabited island Huan Fernandez for five years.Factually,the story is an imagination.ln the story the author describes inviting plots of Robins on Crusoe who survives and lives quite well on an island after the shipwreck .In Robins on Crusoe, Defoe traces the growth of Robin son from a n aive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man ‘tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson Crusoe hre is a real hero:a typical 18th century English middle-class man,with a geat capacity for work,iinexhaustible energy,courage,patienee and persistence in oversoming obstacles,in struggling against the hostile natural environment.He is the very prototype of the empire builder,the pioneer colonist.Robinson Crusoe is an adventure story in the spirit of the time.So when it was published,people all liked that story,and it became an immediate success.
《鲁滨逊漂流记》据说是基于亚历山大•塞尔柯克的真实冒险，他曾在无人居住的岛上独自一人生活了 5年。事实上， 这个故事是想象。在故事中，作者描述了他在沉船后幸存了下来，并在岛上生活得很好。在《鲁滨逊漂流记》中， 笛福将罗宾森的成长轨迹从一个天真天真的年轻人变成了一个精明老练的人，在他多变的生活中经历了无数次的考 验。《鲁滨逊漂流记》的成功斗争的现实描述是一个真正的英雄:一个典型的18世纪英国中产阶级的人，他有工作 能力，用之不竭的能量、勇气、耐心和毅力，克服重重障碍，在对抗恶劣的自然环境中挣扎。他是帝国建造者，拓 荒者的原型。《鲁滨逊漂流记》是一部以时代精神为题材的冒险故事。所以当它出版时，人们都喜欢这个故事，它 很快就成功了。
2. Robinson Crusoe is Defoe's first novel and also his masterpiece.Discuss the change and growth of Crusoe and the characteristics of him.
《鲁滨逊漂流记》是Defoe的第一部小说，也是他的代表作。讨论克鲁索的变化和发展及其特点。
The growth of Crusoe:
Robinson Crusoe changes a lot with his experiences and adventures.When he ran away from home,he was an inexperienced teenager and a young man full of bright fancies about the future.He naturally chose going to sea,because in those days it meant a chance to live a chivalrous life,to see the wonders of the world and to make a fortune.Since then he had a lot of adventures and he also grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.
克鲁索的成长：
鲁宾逊•克鲁索在他的经历和冒险中改变了许多。当他离家出走时，他是一个没有经验的少年，一个充满了对未来幻 想的年轻人。他自然选择了出海，因为在那些日子里，它意味着有机会过一种骑士的生活，去看看世界的奇迹，并 创造一笔财富。从那以后，他经历了许多冒险，他也从一个天真朴实的青年成长为一个精明而坚强的人，在他丰富 多彩的人生中经受了无数考验。
The characteristics of Robinson Crusoe:
Robin son Crusoe is a real hero:a typical 18th century En glish middle-class man,with a great capacity for work.inexhaustible enegy,courage,patienee and persistnece in overcoming obstacles,in struggling against the hostile
natrual environment.He is a new man-aman sure of himself and sure of bing able to establish himself anywhere in the world.He is a man of new age,in which doubt and uncertainty are replaced by hope and con fide nce.Robi nson Crusoe is the en terpriser of this age.He is ready to command n ature,his enemy,a nd to found his colony beyond the seas.He is a merchant-adventurer,interested in material profits.He is the colonist,the empire builder.Robinson Crusoe is an embodime nt of the spirit of in dividual en terprise and colonial expa nsion of the rising bourgeoisie.
鲁滨逊漂流记的特点：
鲁滨逊•克鲁索是一个真正的英雄:一个典型的18世纪的英国中产阶级男子，他有很强的工作能力，无穷无尽的热情、 勇气、耐心和坚持不懈地克服障碍，在与充满敌意的自然环境的斗争中挣扎。他是一个自信的人，肯定自己能够在 世界上任何地方立足。他是一个新时代的人，在这个时代，怀疑和不确定性被希望和信心所取代。鲁宾逊•克鲁索是 这个时代的企业家。他已经准备好指挥自然，他的敌人，并在海上找到他的殖民地。他是个商人冒险家，对物质利 益很感兴趣。他是殖民者，帝国建造者。《鲁滨逊漂流记》体现了个人企业精神和不断上升的资产阶级的殖民扩张 精神。
3. ”A modest Proposal” is a satire writte n by Swift and it is gen erally take n as a perfect model of satire.Gulliver's
Travels is Swiffs masterpiece.Based on them,discuss why Swift us a naster satirist.
《一个温和的建议》是乔纳森斯威夫特写的讽刺作品，通常被认为是讽刺的完美典范。格列佛游记是斯威夫特的代表 作。以他们为基础，讨论为什么斯威夫特会成为一名讽刺作家。
Jon atha n Swift has the tale nt for being a prose satirist. I n his life,he wrote many satires.They are A Tale of Tub,The Battle of the Books.The Drapier's Letters,Gulliver's Travels and A Modest Proposal.The first two books are on corruption in religion and learning and they established his name as a satirist.
乔纳森•斯威夫特是一位散文讽刺作家。在他的一生中，他写了许多讽刺作品。他们是《一个关于桶的故事》,《书的 战争》，《德拉佩尔的信件》，《格列佛游记》和《一个温和的提议》。前两本书都是关于宗教和学习的，他们 建立了他的讽刺作家的名号。
Gulliver;s Travels is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the English and European life-socially,politically,religiously,philosophically,scientifically and morally.lts social siginificance is great and its exploration into human nature profound.Swiffs satire is usually masked by an outward gravity and an apparent earnestness which renders his satire all the more powerful.
格列佛的旅行是最有效的和毁灭性的批评和讽刺诗在英国和欧洲life-socially方方面面，政治，宗教，哲学，科学和道德。 它的社会地位是伟大的，它对人性的探索是深刻的。斯威夫特的讽刺作品通常被外表的严肃和表面上的真诚所掩盖， 这使得他的讽刺更加有力。
In A Modest Proposal,by suggesting that poor Irish parents sell their one-year-old babies to the rich English lords and ladies as food,Swift is making the most devastating protest agaist the inhuman expoitation and oppression of the Irish people by the English ruling class.The apparent eagerness,sincerity and detachment of the author adds force to the bitter irony and biting sarcasm. So he is the master of satire.
在一个温和的提议中，通过建议贫穷的爱尔兰父母把一岁的婴儿卖给英国贵族和妇女作为食物，斯威夫特正在进行最 具毁灭性的，这是英国统治阶级对爱尔兰人民的不人道的暴露和压迫。作者明显的渴望、真诚和超然的态度，增 加了辛辣讽刺和辛辣讽刺的力量。 所以他是讽刺大师。
Chapter3 The Romantic Period
1. What is the historical and cultural background of English Romanticism?
英国浪漫主意的历史文化背景
Historically,it was provoked by the French Revolutio n and the En glish In dustrial Revoluti on.
Culturally,the publication of French philosopher Rouseau's two books provided necessary guiding principles for the French Revolution which aroused great sympathy and enthusiasm in England.
历史上，它是由法国大和英国工业引起的
从文化上说，法国哲学家卢梭的两本书的出版为法国大提供了必要的指导原则，这在英国引起了极大的同情 和热情。
2. What are the characteristics of the Romantic literature? Please discuss the above question in relation to one or two examples.
浪漫文学的特点是什么？请就上述问题与一个或两个例子进行讨论
A. ln poetry writin g,the roma nticists employed new theories and in novated new techniques,for example,the preface to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school.
B. The romanticists not only extol the faculty of imagination,but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and in spiration.
C. They regarded nature as the major source of poetic imagery and the dominant subject. D. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic.
A在诗歌创作中，浪漫主义者运用了新的理论和创新的新技术，例如，第二版抒情歌谣集的前言作为新学派的宣 言。 B浪漫主义者不仅歌颂了想象力，还提升了自发性和灵感的概念。 C他们认为自然是诗歌意象的主要来源和主导的主体 D浪漫主义也倾向于民族主义。
3. Make a con trast betwee n the two gen eratio ns of Roma ntic poets duri ng the Romantic Age. 对比浪漫的时代的
两代浪漫主义诗人。
The poetic ideals armounced by Wordsworth and Coleridge provided a major inspiration for the brilliant young writers who made up the second generation of English Romantics poets.Wordsworth and Coleridge both became more conservative politically after the democratic idealism.
The second generation of Romantic poets are revolutionary in thinking.They set themselves against the bourgeois society and the ruling class.
华兹华斯和柯勒律治宣布的诗歌理想为年轻一代的英国浪漫主义诗人提供了一个重要的灵感。而他们在民主理想 主义后，在政治上变得更加保守。
第二代浪漫主义诗人在思想上是性的。他们反对资产阶级社会和统治阶级。
4. What are Austen's writing features ?简奥斯丁的写作特点。 Jane Austen is one of the realistic novelists. Her work has a very narrow literary field.
Her no vels show a wealth of humor,wit,a nd delicate satire.
简奥斯汀是现实主义小说家之一。她的作品有一个非常狭窄的文学领域。 她的小说展现了大量的幽默、机智和微妙的讽刺。
5. What are the characteristics of Byron's works?拜伦的作品有什么特点？
In most of his works, we can see Byron's voile nt attack on “ca nt politics,religio n and morals”,his no velty of the oriental seenery,the romantic character of Byronic hero and the easy,fluent and natural beauty of his verse. 在他的大
部分作品中，我们可以看到拜伦对“政治、宗教和道德”的攻击，他对东方风景的新奇感，拜伦式英雄的 浪漫性格，以及他诗歌中简单、流畅、自然的美。
6. Here is the last stanza of Byron5s “ The Isles of Greece\":
Place me on Sun ium's marbled steep, Where no thing,save the waves and I, May hear our mutual murmurs sweep; There,Swan・like,let me sing and die: A land of slaves shall ne'er be mine■一 Dash down yon cup of Sarnian wine!
Determin the speaker first and then discuss BRIEFLY the main idea of the stanza or of the whole excerpt.You may want to consider the possible implications of the last two lines.
这是拜伦的“希腊群岛”的最后一节,先确定说话人，然后讨论这节的主要思想或整个节录的主要思想。您可能想要考 虑最后两行的可能隐藏的含义。
A. The speaker is a Greek singer( or Byro n in a Greek sin ger's disguise or Byro n speaks through a Greek singer) B. The excerpt presents a strong resentment for the Turk's conquest of Greece and calls on the Greek people to rise and fight for freedom.
C. Thus,the last line may suggest resolution to take immediate action to free Greece from enslavement.
说话人是一个希腊歌手(或者是拜伦扮演的希腊歌手，或者是拜伦通过一个希腊歌手说) 这段摘录显示了对土耳其征服希腊的强烈不满，并号召希腊人民起来反抗，争取自由。
因此，最后两行可能建议立即采取行动，将希腊从奴役中出来。
Topic Discussion 1 .What does Wordsworth Mean when he said “All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in tranquility\"?
华兹华斯说“所有的好诗都是在平静中回忆起的强烈的情感的自然流露”是什么意思？
This sentence is considered as the principle of Wordsworth's poetry creation which was set forth in the preface to the Lyrical Ballads.Wordsworth apealed directly on individual sensations,as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry.
这句话被认为是华兹华斯诗歌创作的原则，这是在抒情歌谣集的前言中提出的。华兹华斯直接以个人的感觉为基 础，作为诗歌创作和欣赏的基础。
2. What is your understanding of Coleridge's philosophy and his view points towards literary criticism?你对柯勒 律治
的哲学和他对文学批评的观点如何理解的？
Coleridge opposed the limitedly rationalistics trends of the thought the 18th century.He believes that that art is the only permanent relation of the nature and reality.
反对18世纪的思想的有限的理性主义趋势。他认为艺术是自然与现实之间唯一永恒的关系。
Coleridge is one of the first critics to give close critical attention to Ianguage,maintaining that the true end of poetry is to give pleasure “through the medium of beauty”
He offered the critic a new principle,that is,not to judge,but to appreciate and interpret.
柯勒律治是第一个对语言进行密切关注的批评者之一，他认为诗歌的真正目的是通过“美丽的媒介”来获得快乐。 他向批评家提出了一个新的原则，那就是，不是去评判，而是去欣赏和诠释.
3. Discuss the artistic features of Shelley's poems.讨论雪莱诗歌的艺术特征。
A. Percy Bysshe Shelley is an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language. B. His poems are full of classic and mythological allusions.
C. His style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figures of speech. D. He describes vividly what we see and feel,or expresses what passionately moves us.
雪莱是英语语言中最强烈和最原始的抒情诗人。 他的诗中充满了古典和神话的典故。 他的风格富于拟人化、隐喻和其他修辞手法。
他生动地描述了我们所看到和感受的东西，或激情地表达了感动我们的东西。
4. How do you describe the writing style of Jane Austen? What is the significanee of her works?
你如何描述简奥斯汀的写作风格?她的作品有什么意义？
Jane Austen is a writer of the 18th century though she lived mainly i the 19th century.She holds the ideals of the Iandlord class in politics,religion,and moral principles;and her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion,the sense of responsibility,good manners and clear-sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.
简奥斯汀是18世纪的作家，尽管她主要生活在19世纪。她在政治、宗教和道德原则方面都有地主阶级的理想。 她的作品清楚地表明了她坚定地相信理性而不是激情,对情感和个性的浪漫倾向的责任感、良好的举止和清晰的判 断力。
Austen's main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships.Beause of this,her novels have a universal siginificance.As a novelist Jane Austen writes within a very narrow sphere.The subject matter,the character range,the social setting,and plots are all restricted to the provincial life of the late 18th-century Englandd,concerning three or four landed gentry families which their daily routine life.
奥斯汀主要的文学关注是关于人的人际关系。由于这一点，她的小说具有普遍的文学性。作为小说家，简奥斯汀 在一个非常狭窄的领域里写作。题材、人物范围、社会背景、情节都局限于18世纪后期的英国乡村生活，涉及 三到四家乡绅家庭，他们的日常生活。
5」n Pride and Prejudice,Jane Austen explored three kinds of motivations of marriage the middle-class people had
in the second half of the 18th century.Try to make a brief discussion about them with specific examples from the novel.Make comments on Austen's attitude towards these motivations.
在傲慢与偏见一书中，简奥斯丁探讨了中产阶级在18世纪下半叶所拥有的三种婚姻动机。 试着用小说中的具体例子对他们做一个简短的讨论。
对奥斯丁对这些动机的态度作评论。
Motivation 1: to pursue material interest through marriage: Miss Bingley and Charlotte Lucas are example of this kind. Motivation 2: to seek sensual pleasure and beauty : Lydia and Mr Benet are example of this kind.
Motivati on 3: to search for true love and also take pers onal merits and fin acial positi on into con sideration: Elizabeth Ben net is a typical example of this kind.
动机通过婚姻追求物质利益:彬小姐和夏洛特卢卡斯就是这样的例子。 动机2:追求感官享受和美丽:莉迪亚和贝内特是这种类型的例子。
动机3:为了寻找真爱，也要考虑个人的优点和财务状况:伊丽莎白•班纳特是这种类型的典型例子。
Austen celebrated the third kind of motivation of marriage while criticizing the first two wrong motivation. 奥斯丁在批评
前两个错误动机时，赞美了第三种婚姻动机。
6. Elizabeth Bennet,the heroine in Pride and Prejudice,is often regarded as the most successful character created by Jane Austen.Mkae a brief comments on Elizabeth's character.
《傲慢与偏见》中的女主人公伊丽莎白•班纳特经常被认为是简•奥斯汀笔下最成功的人物。简要介绍一下伊丽莎 白的性格。
Elizabeth is clever,alert,and observant.She is more or less charitable than Jane in recognizing the characters of Bingley's sisters.She recog nizes Mr. Colli ns' character in his letter and after meeti ng him terns down firmly and with dignity his patronizing proposal.She is able to match wits with Darcy several times and with Colonel Fizwilliam,earning their respect and admiration.
Fearless and frank,not rattled by the attack of Lady Catherine de Bourgh,she wins a notable victory,sending her Ladyship away completely routed.She is independent but not infallible in her judgment-taken in by the charm of the worthless Wickham.She cannot be blamed for misjudging Darcy.She shows flexibility,discernment,and honesty of mind when she reads Darcy's defense in his letter and admits the justice of much of what he says.Thus beginning to lose her prejudice against him.She recognizes and values true worth when she encounters it in Jane,the Gardiners,and,near the end of the novel,in Darcy.She sees more clearly tha n her father the dan gers of sending Lydia to Bringht on.
She is able to control her emotions at times of stress-when she first encounters Darcy at Pemberley;when she realizes that she loves Darcy and has good reason to fear that she has lost him,she waits without repelling for time to bring a solution.She is witty,fun-loving,recognizing humor in herself and in others.but ridiculing only folly,nonsense,and inconsistenee.She recognizes the follies of her own family and their shoreomings as well as their virtues.
She is con siderate of others but quite un affacted of asserti ng herself when occasi on dema nds.She has a playful and un affected marm er,s unny disposit on,n atural an imati on,sense of fun ,and sweet reas on able ness.She is ready to laugh at herself and everything save “what is wise and good”.She shows a sense of humor by telling what Darcy has said about her at the Meryton ball.
伊丽莎白聪明、警惕和观察。与彬格莱的其他姐妹们比较，她性格多少比较宽厚。她在信中了解了柯林斯先生的 性格，在见他之后，她坚定地、很有尊严地拒绝了他居高临下的求婚。她能与达西和菲兹威廉上校较量几次，赢 得他们的尊敬和赞赏。
无畏和坦率，面对凯瑟琳夫人的攻击不慌乱，她赢得了一个显著的胜利，使她的夫人完全溃败。她是的，但 在她的判断中并非万无一失——这是由毫无价值的韦克姆的魅力所吸引的。她不能因为对达西的错误判断而受到 责备。她表现出灵活性、洞察力和诚实的,当她在他的信中读达西的防范并承认他所说的是公平合理的。因此，她 开始对他失去了偏见。当她遇到简，嘉丁纳夫妇，以及小说结尾的达西时，她意识到并珍视真正的价值。她比她 父亲更清楚地看到了把莉迪亚送到布林顿的危险。
当她第一次在彭伯里遇到达西的时候，她就能控制自己的情绪;当她意识到她爱达西，并有充分的理由担心她失去 了他时，她就会毫不妥协地等待时间来解决问题。她机智风趣，风趣幽默，在自己和别人身上都能识别幽默，但 只会嘲笑愚蠢、胡言乱语和不一致。她认识到自己家庭的愚蠢，以及他们的缺点和优点。
她对别人很体贴，但在场合要求时，她却毫不做作。她有一种顽皮的、不受影响的态度，开朗的性格，自然的动 画，有趣的感觉，和甜蜜的理性。她已经准备好嘲笑自己，一切拯救了“什么是明智和善良”。在麦里顿舞会上， 她怒孩达西对她所言，显出了幽默感。
Chapter 4 The Victorian Period
I. What are the main characteristics of the English critical realism ?英国批判现实主义的特点
The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes,but also showed profound sysmathy for the common people.Hence humor and satire abound in the English realistic novels of the 19th century.The critical realists of the 19th century did not find a way to eradicate social evils. 19世纪的英国批判现实主义者不仅对资产阶级和所有统治阶级进行了讽刺性的描述，而且对普通人也表现出了 深刻的心理。因
此，幽默和讽刺在19世纪的英国现实主义小说中比比皆是。19世纪的关键现实主义者并没有找 到根除社会弊病的方法。
2. What are the features of Charles Dickenson's novel?查尔斯狄更斯小说的特点
A. Dickenson's novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. B. Dickens on is a petty bourgeois in tellectual. C. Almost all his novels have happy endings.
D. His novels tell much of the experiences of his childhood. E. Dickenson is a geat humorist.
3. ” Let it not be supposed by the enemies of ' the system,' that,during the period of his solitary incarceration,Oliver was denied the ben efit of exercise,the pleasure of society,or the adva ntages of religious con solatio n.” What do you think Charles Dicke ns inte nds to say in the above ironic staement take n from Oliver Twist?
“不要被'的敌人'所认为，在他单独监禁的那段时间里，奥利弗被剥夺了运动的好处，社会的乐趣，或者宗教 慰藉的好处。”
你认为查尔斯•狄更斯(Charles Dickens)在《雾都孤儿》(Oliver Twist)中所表现出的讽刺意味是什么？
A. The sentence is a typical example of ir on y.What Dicke ns intends to say is just the opposite of the sentence' s literal meaning.
B. For the “benefit”of exercise,Oliver was whipped every morning in a stone yard;for the pleasure of the society,he was carried every other day into the dining hall and flogged as a public warning and example to the boys;and as for the advantage of religious consolation,he was kicked into the apartment every evening at prayer time and listened to the boys4 5 pray to be guarded against his sins and vices.
C. The ironic statement is,in fact,a bitter denunciation and fierce attack at the brutal,inhuman treatment of the poor orphan by the workhouse authority.
A这句话是讽刺的典型例子。狄更斯想说的只是句子字面意思的对立面。
B锻炼的好处，是，奥利弗每天早上在石头院子里被鞭打；社会的快乐,是他每隔一天被拉进食堂鞭打作为其他男 孩的公共警告和
反例;至于宗教慰藉的优势，每天晚上祈祷的时候，他被踢进公寓，听着男孩祈祷要提防他的罪恶。 C讽刺的是，事实上，这是一种激烈的谴责和猛烈的攻击，是由济贫院的权威对可怜的孤儿的残酷无情的对待。
5」n Chapter 15 of Wuthering Heights,Heathcliff said to Catherine:\" why did you betray your own heart,Cathy?...You loved me-then what right have you t o leave me?..」have not broken your heart-you have broken it-and in breaking it.you have broken mine.”
Talki ng the whole no vel into con sideration,do you think Heathcliff's above accusati on of Catheri ne's betryal can be justified?lf you think so,what reasons does Catherin have to betray Heathcliff and their love ?
在《呼啸山庄》第十五章，希斯克利夫对凯瑟琳说:“你为什么要出卖自己的心呢，凯蒂?你爱我，那么你有什么权 利离开我？我没有伤你的心——你把它打破了——打破了它，你把我的心都碎了。
把整本小说都考虑进去，你认为希斯克利夫对凯瑟琳的贝特拉尔的指控是合理的吗？如果你认为是这样，那么卡 瑟林为什么要背叛希刺克厉夫和他们的爱呢？
A. Heathcliff's accusation can be justified. B. The reasons of her betrayal may be:
a, The fancy she felt for Linton,that is,she was attracted by Linton's pleasant personality,his rich knowledge,and his elegant manners.
b, Her vain glory made her desire a kind of upper-class life and social status.
4 Emily Bronte used a very complicated narrative technique in writing her novel Wuthering Heights.Try to tell Bronte's way of narration briefly.
Emily Bronte在她的小说呼啸山庄中使用了 一种非常复杂的叙事技巧。简单陈述她的叙述方式。
A. Emily Bronte stars the story from towards the end when Heathcleff is master of both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange and little Cathy and Harenton are still in his clutch,a nd the n goes back to the very beginning and moves back and forth as the occasion requires.
B. Most of the story is told by Nelly,Catherine's old nurse,to Mr. Lockwood,a temporary tenant at Thrushcross Gran ge.
C. Part of it is told by Mr.Lockwood himself,and part through Catherine's diary and Isabella's letters to Nelly. A艾米莉•勃朗特在希斯克利夫成为《呼啸山庄》和画眉田庄的主人后，小凯西哈利顿都还在他的山庄里的时候开 始了这个故事，
然后又回到了开头，根据情节在这两个场合中来回切换。
B大多数故事都是由凯瑟琳的老护士耐莉告诉洛克伍德先生的，他是画眉山庄的临时房客。 C—部分是洛克伍德先生自己写的，一部分是通过凯瑟琳的日记和伊莎贝拉写给耐莉的信。
c, She was afraid that she might suffer poverty and be degraded if she had got married to Heathcliff. d, She fancied if she got married to Linton,she might have the means to helf Heathci肝 in getting a good education and becoming a gentleman so that they could be united without being degraded. A希刺克厉夫的指控是有道理的。 Bo她背叛的原因可能是：
a, 她对林顿的喜欢，是被林顿愉她的性格、丰富的知识和文雅的风度所吸引。 b, 她的虚荣使她渴望一种上流社会的生活和社会地位。 c, 她害怕她会因为嫁给希刺克厉夫而遭受贫穷和降低身份。
d, 如果她嫁给了林顿，她可能会有办法让希斯克利夫接受良好的教育，使他成为一名绅士，这样他们就可以在 身份不被贬低
的情况下在一起。
6.Browning's style is very different from that of any other Victorian poets.His poetic style belongs to the 20th century rather than to the Victorian age.What is the art of his poems?
勃朗宁的风格与其他维多利亚时代的诗人截然不同。他的诗歌风格属于20世纪，而不是维多利亚时代。他诗歌 的艺术是什么？
A. In his poems,Browning choose a dramatic moment or a crisis,in which his characters are made to talk about their lives and about their minds and hearts.
B. Browning's poetry is not easy to read.His rhythms are often too fast,too rough and unmusical.The syntax is usually clipped and highly compressed.The similes and il lust rati ons appear to profusely.
C. The allusions and implications are sometimes odd and far-fetched.AII this makes up his obscurity. D. There are abundant metaphors in his poems.
A在他的诗歌中，勃朗宁选择了一个戏剧性的时刻或一场危机，在这个过程中，他的角色被用来谈论他们的生活， 以及他们的思
想和心灵。
Bo勃朗宁的诗歌读起来不容易。他的节奏常常太快，太粗糙，不合调。语法通常是省略和高度压缩的。明喻和 例证显得很丰富。 C典故和暗示有时是古怪而牵强的。这一切都使他变得晦涩。 D他的诗歌中有丰富的隐喻。
7. The following quotation is the ending of a poem by Robert Browning:
“Nay,we'll go/Together down,sir.Notice Neptune,though,/Taming a sea horse,though a rarity,/Which Claus of Innsbruck cast in bronze for me!”
What is the title of the poem? Who is the speaker?
What is the importance of the allusion “Neptune.../Taming a sea horse” in the whole poem?
下面的引文是罗伯特•布朗宁的一首诗的结尾：
“别客气，让我们一起下楼,先生。但请看这海神在驯服一匹海马，虽然这是罕见的收藏品，是克劳斯为我特别制造 的青铜铸像。 这首诗的标题是什么？说话的人是谁？
“请注意看…驯服海马…”在整首诗中，暗指的重点是什么？
“My Last Duchess”我的前公爵夫人
The Duke,or the the husband of the Duchess is the speaker.公爵是说话人
Placed at the end of the poem,the allusion serves as the conclusion that tells the reader-listener that the speaker is a tyrant.说明他是个暴君。
8. How are naturalism and criticism reflected in Hardy's novels?
在哈代的小说中，自然主义和批评主义是如何体现的？
A, In Hardy's works,man is shown inevitably bound by his own inherent nature and hereditary traits which prompt him to go and search for some specific happiness or success and set him in conflict with the environment.The outside nature-the natural environment or Nature herself is shown as some mysterious super natural force. B, Though Naturalism seems to have played an important part in Hardy's works,there is also bitter and sharp criticism and even open challenge of the irrational,hypocritical and unfair Victorian institutions,conventions and morals which stangle the individual will and distroy natural human emotions and relationships.
在哈代的作品中,人不可避免地受他自己的固有性质和遗传特征促使他去寻找一些特定的幸福或成功，让他在与环 境的冲突，自己外面的自然，自然环境或自然显示为某种神秘的超自然的力量。
B, 虽然自然主义似乎在哈代的作品中扮演了重要的角色，但也有尖刻尖锐的批评，甚至是对非理性的、伪善的、 不公平的维多利
亚时期的制度、习俗和道德的公开挑战，这些制度是对个人意志和对自然人类情感和关系的。 Discussi on
1. Based on Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte,discuss the theme of her works,the image of woman protagonists and comprehensive sense for contemporary society.以夏洛蒂•勃朗特的《简•爱》为基础，探讨了她作品的主题、 女性主人公的
形象以及对当代社会的全面意义。
A. Chalotte Bronte 5 s works are all about the struggle of an in dividual con scious ness towards self-realization,about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love,understanding and a full,happy life.
B. All her heroine's highest joy arises from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome.
C. The image of woman protagonists in her works is mostly the life of the middle-class working women,particularly governesses.
D. Her works prsent a vivid realistic picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty,hypocrisy and other evils of the upper classes,a nd by showi ng the misery and sufferi ng of the poor.Especially in Jane Eyre, by her,she sharply criticizes the existing society,e.g. religious hypocrisy of charity institutions.
A布朗纟弟的作品都是关于个体意识到自我实现的斗争，关于一些孤独和被忽视的年轻女性，她们对爱、理解和充 实、幸福的生
活有着强烈的渴望。
B她所有女主人公最大的快乐都来自于一些自我牺牲或一些人类弱点的克服。
C在她的作品中，女性主角的形象主要是中产阶级劳动妇女的生活，尤其是家庭教师。
D她的作品通过揭露上层阶级的残酷、虚伪和其他，以及展示穷人的悲惨和苦难，给英国社会描绘了一幅生 动逼真的画面。
尤其是在《简•爱》中，她尖锐地批评了现有的社会，慈善机构的宗教伪善。
2」n many of Hardy's works,fatalism was widely used for the themes.Discuss how Hardy formed the thought of fatalism.
在哈代的许多作品中，宿命论被广泛用于主题。讨论哈代是如何形成宿命论的思想的。
Thomas Hardy read Darwin's The Origin of Species and accepted the idea of “survival of the fittest”.He was also in
flue need by Spencer's The first Principle,which led him to the belief that marfs fate is predeterminedly tragic,driven by a combined force of “nature”,both inside and outside」n his wors,man is shown inevitably bound by his inheret nature and hereditary traits which prompt him to go and search for some specific happiness or success and set him in conflict with the environment.The outside nature-the natural environment of n ature herself-is show n as some mysterious super natural force,very powerful but half biting,in pulsive and uncaring to the individuaPs will,hope,passion or suffering」t Likes to play practical jokes upon human beings by producing a series of mistimed actions and unfortunate coincidences.Man prove impotent before fate,however he tries.and he seldom escapes his ordained destiny.This pessimistic view of life played an important role in the English literature.
托马斯•哈代读过达尔文的《物种起源》，并接受了“适者生存”的观点。他也受到斯宾塞的第一个原则的影响，这 使他相信，人的命运是由内在和外在的“自然”力量共同推动的，注定是悲惨的。在他的作品中，人类不可避免地 被他的继承性和遗传特质所束缚，这促使他去寻找某种特定的幸福或成功，并使他与环境发生冲突。大自然的自 然环境——自然的自然环境——被表现为某种神秘的超自然力量，非常强大，但却有一半是咬人的，是对人的意 志、希望、激情或痛苦的不关心。它喜欢通过制作一系列错误的动作和不幸的巧合来对人类进行恶作剧。人在命 运面前被证明是为力的，然而他却尝试了，他很少逃脱他注定的命运。这种悲观的人生观在英国文学中起着 重要的作用。
3. Thomas Hardyjiving at the turn of the century,is often regarded as a transitional writer.In him we see the influence from both the past and the modern.Tess of the D'Urbervilles is one of his greatest works.Try to discuss the fate of Tess in this work.
生活在世纪之交的托马斯•哈代常常被认为是一个过渡作家。在他身上，我们看到了过去和现代的影响。德伯家的 苔丝是他最伟大的作品之一。试着讨论一下苔丝在这部作品中的命运。
Tess is a beautiful,innocent peasant girl.The poverty of the family forces her to claim kinship with the sham but rich D'Urbervilles.Alex,the young master of the D'Urbervilles,a dandy,suduces Tess and impregnates her.Tess finnaly kills him and she flees with An gel but is caught by the police and han ged.
Tess is actually a victim of her society.Hardy created the heroine Tess in Tess of the D'Urbervilles just to criticize the society in his time.Hardy's works are known as “ novels of character and environment”.Tess is a tragic person simply because she is not accepted by the society in which agriculture is menaced by the forces of invading capitalism. So in a way,we say,Tess' fate is decided by her society.
苔丝是一个美丽天真的农家姑娘。家庭的贫困迫使她要求与虚假但富有的德伯家亲属关系密切。亚历克斯，年轻 的德贝维尔大师，一个，苔丝，让苔丝怀孕了。苔丝•芬尼利杀死了他，她和安吉尔一起逃走了，但被警 察抓住并被绞死。
苔丝实际上是她社会的受害者。哈代在《德伯家的苔丝》中塑造了女主人公苔丝，只是为了批评他那个时代的社 会。哈代的作品被称为“人物与环境小说”。苔丝是一个悲剧性的人，仅仅因为她不被社会所接受，在这个社会里， 农业受到了侵略资本主义的威胁。
所以在某种程度上，我们说，苔丝的命运是由她的社会决定的。
Chapter 5 The Modern Period
1. What are the characteristics of the British modernist literature?英国现代主义文学的特点是什么？
One characteristic of British Modernism is “the dehumanization of art”.The major themes of the British modernist literature are the distorted,alie nated and ill re I at io nships.The modernist writers are mainly concer ned with the inner being of an in dividual.The moder nist works are also characterized by a con scious rejecti on of established rules,traditions and conventions.
英国现代主义的一个特点是“艺术的非人化”。英国现代主义文学的主要主题是扭曲的、异化的和病态的关系。现 代主义作家主要关注个人的内在。现代主义作品的特点是有意识地拒绝既定的规则、传统和习俗。
2. Galsworthy is a conventional and realistic writer.He is much concerned about the class contrast between the rich and the poor in his novels.What is the style of his writing?高尔斯华绥是一个传统和现实的作家。他非常关心 他小说中富人
与穷人的阶级对比。他写作的风格是什么？
Galsworthy was a conventional writer,having inherited the fine traditions of the great Victorian novelists of the critical realism.With an objective observation and a naturalistic description,Galsworthy had tried his best to make an impartial presentation of the social life in a documentary precision.By emphasizing the critical element in his writing,he dauntlessly laid bare the true features of the good and the evil of the bourgeois society.He was also successful in his attempt to present satire and humor in his writing.He wrote in a clear and unpretentions style with a clear and straightforward Ianguage.
高尔斯华绥是一位传统作家，继承了伟大的维多利亚时代小说家的优秀传统，批判现实主义。有了客观的观察和 自然主义的描述，高尔斯华绥尽其所能，以纪录片的精确性，公正地展现了社会生活。在他的作品中强调批判的 元素，他不假不意地揭露了资产阶级社会的善与恶的真实特征。他还成功地在写作中表现出讽刺和幽默。他以清 晰直白的语言写清晰而朴素的文体。
3. What is the theme of The Man of Property?高尔斯华绥的《财主》主题是什么？
The theme of this novel is that of the predominant possessive instinet of the Forsytes and its effects on the personal relationships of the family with the underlying assumption that human relationships of the contemporary En glish society are merely an exte nsion of property relati on ships.
这部小说的主题是，福尔塞斯的主要占有欲及其对家庭的人际关系的影响，其隐含的设想是，当代英国社会的人 际关系仅仅是财产关系的延伸。
4. James Joyce is a writer whose mastery of English Ianguage and style is always highly praised.What are the setting and the subject in almost all his works?What about Joyce's most famous novel?ln what way is the novel unconventional?詹姆斯•乔伊斯是一名作家，他对英语语言和风格的掌握总是受到高度赞扬。在他所有作品中， 环境和主题是什
么？他最著名的小说呢？这本小说的非常规之处在哪里？
Setting: Ireland,especially Dublin 爱尔兰，尤其是都柏林 Subject: the Irish people and their lives 爱尔兰人民和他们的生活 Most famous novel: Ulysses Ulysses
There is virtually no story ,no plot,almost no action,and little characterization in the usual sense.Joyce adopted stream-of-consciousness in his masterpiece.几乎没有故事，没有情节，几乎没有行动，在通常意义上也没有什 么人物特征。
乔伊斯在他的杰作中采用了意识流。
Discussi on
1. What are the main characteristics of Bernard Shaw's plays?萧伯纳戏剧的主要特点是什么？
A. He makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another.His characters are the
representatives of ideas,points of view,that shift and alter during the play.
B. Much of Shaw's drama is constructed around the inversion of a conventional theatrical situation.The in version is an integral part of an interpretatio n of life.
C. Shaw's plays have plots,but they don't work by plots.The plot is usually the disregarded backbone to one Iong,unbroken conversation/
D. Structurallyand thematically,Shaw followed the great traditions of realism.As a realistic dramatist,he took the moder n social issues as his subjects with the aim of di recti ng social reforms.
A他以牺牲他人为代价，生动地展示一个人物形象。他的人物是思想的代表，观点的代表，在戏剧中转换和改变。 B. 萧伯纳的大部分戏剧都是围绕着一个传统戏剧场景的反转而建构的。反转是对生活演绎的一个组成部分。 C. 萧伯纳的戏剧有情节，但它们不是情节的。情节通常是一段漫长而不间断的谈话的主干
D. 在结构上和主题上，萧伯纳遵循了现实主义的伟大传统。作为一个现实主义的剧作家，他把现代社会问题作为 他的主题，旨
在指导社会改革。
2. How many periods can William Butler Yeats poetic career be devided into and what are their representative works respectively?威廉巴特勒•叶芝的诗歌生涯可以分为几个时期？代表作品分别是什么？
Generally,his poetic career can be devided into three periods according to the contents and style of his poetry. A. As a young man in the last decades of the 19th century,Yeats began his poetic career in the romantic traditi on .The majors are usully Celtic lege nds,local folktales,or stories of the heroic age in Irish history.The representative works are: The Lake Isle of Innisfree,The Man Who Dreamed of Faeryland and Roses.
B. Yeats turned from the traditional poetry to a modernist one during the first two decades of the 20th century.Now Yeats began to write with realistic and concrete themes on variety of subjects,exploring the profo und and complicated huma n problems,such as lifejove,politics,a nd religion.The represe ntative works are : Easter of 1916.New Era
C. Yeats reached the last stage of his poetic creation when he was over fifty.His concern has turned to the great subjects of dichotomy,such as youth and age,love,war,vigor and wisdom,body and soul,life and art.The representative works are : Sailing to Byzantium,Leda and the Swan,Monumerits of Unaging Intellect.
A作为19世纪最后几十年的年轻人，叶芝开始了他的浪漫主义传统。主修的是凯尔特传奇、当地民间故事或爱 尔兰历史上英雄时
代的故事。代表作品是:茵尼斯湖岛，梦想仙境的人和玫瑰。
Bo叶芝从传统诗歌转变为20世纪头20年的现代主义诗歌。现在叶芝开始以现实和具体的主题来描写各种主题， 探索复杂的人类
问题，如生活、爱情、政治和宗教。代表作有:1916年复活节。新时代
C叶芝在五十岁的时候达到了他诗歌创作的最后阶段。他的关心已经转向了二分法的伟大主题，如青春与衰老、 爱情、战争、活力
和智慧、身体和灵魂、生命和艺术。代表作品是:驶向拜占庭，丽达和天鹅，不老智慧纪念碑。
3. Discuss the possible theme in W.B.Yeats's “The Lake Isle of Innisfree\" and how that theme is presented in the poem.《因尼斯弗湖岛》的主题及展现方式。
A. The poem might be read as a declaration of the poefs Ionging for rustic/natural life as opposed to
city/civilized/artificail life.This idea is expressed through contrasting images such as simple,peaceful country life suggested by “a small cabin” of “clay and wattle”,”bean・rows”,”a hive for the honey-beenbee-loud glade”.etc,as
opposed to teh artificial/civilized life suggested by “the roadway\" and “the pavement gray”.
B. If the sound of the lapping water by the shore is a call upon the poet,then the repetition of “I will arise and go now” reveals the poefs determination to escape into that fairyland where he could live in peace and enjoy the beauty of nature.
C. Examiners may also have noticed that the images that suggest the beauty of natural life outnumber those that suggest undesirable city life,a nd this also shows the poefs prefere nee.
A这首诗可能是阅读作为一个诗人渴望乡村的自然生活与城市文明人工生活。这个想法是通过像“小木屋”、“小木 屋”、“豆子
排”、“蜂房蜂房”、“蜂鸣器”、“蜂鸣声”等截然不同的画面来表达的。与“巷道”、“路面灰”所提出的人工、 文明生活相对照。
Bo如果海岸上拍打的水的声音是对诗人的呼唤，那么“我就会起身去”的重复，揭示了诗人想要逃进仙境的决心， 在那里他可以
生活在平静中，享受大自然的美。
C考官可能也注意到，那些暗示自然生活之美的图片，比那些暗示城市生活不受欢迎的人要多，这也显示了诗人 的喜好。 4. Analyze the main character Paul in Sons and Lovers.分析《儿子和情人》中的主要角色保罗。
PauTs psychological development is traced with great subtlety.He depends heavily on his mother's love and help to make sense of the world around him.In order to become an independent man and a true artist he has to make his own decisi ons about his life and work,a nd has to struggle to become free from his mother's in fluence. However,Paul is proved to be in capable of escapi ng the overpoweri ng emoti onal bond imposed by his mother's love,so he fails to achieve a fulfulling relati on ship with Mriam or Clara.Finally,his mother died and he was left alone in despair.But the book ends with Paul's determi nation to face the unk nown future.
保罗的心理发展有很大的微妙之处。他很大程度上依赖于母亲的爱，并帮助他理解周围的世界。为了成为一 个的人，成为一个真正的艺术家，他必须对自己的生活和工作做出自己的决定，并努力摆脱母亲的影响。然 而，事实证明，保罗无法摆脱母亲对他的爱所带来的强烈的情感束缚，因此他未能与米里亚姆或克莱拉达成一项 完美的关系。最后，他的母亲去世了，他独自一人陷入绝望。但这本书以保罗决心面对未知未来结束。
5. A possible theme of James Joyce's short story “Araby” is disillusionment.Briefly discuss the symbolism Joyce employs in presenting this theme.
詹姆斯•乔伊斯(James Joyce)的短篇小说《阿拉伯》(Araby)的一个可能的主题是幻灭。简要讨论乔伊斯在提出这 个主题时所采用的象征手法。
A. \"Short days of winter”,\"silent” the street of “blind end”,\"dark muddy lanes” with “feeble lanterns\garde ns”,a nd many others fortell the in evitable failure of the boy's attempt to reach his desire.
B. Mangan's sister,for whom the boy had tender feelings,symbolizes hope/aspiration,but she was symbolically confined(uhave a retreat in the con vent\")
C. The journey to the bazzaar is a quest for the fulfillment of the aspiration,but the journey was “intolerably” delayed,and when the boy got to the bazaar,half of it was already dark.Whafs more,the young lady at the door of a stall was “not encouraging\" and spoke to the boy “out of sense of duty”.When the upper part of the hall was completely dark,the boy's disillusionment was anounced.And thus,”Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature drive n and derided by vanity;a nd my eyes bur ned with an guish and an ger”.
A“短暂的冬天”，“沉默的”街道，“黑暗的尽头”，“黑暗的泥泞的小巷”，“微弱的灯笼”，“黑暗的滴水花园”，还有许 多
人放弃了男孩试图达到他的愿望的不可避免的失败。
Bo曼干的妹妹，男孩有温柔的感觉，象征着希望/愿望，但她被象征性地了(“在修院有一个静修”)。
C通往巴札尔的旅程是追求梦想的实现，但旅程“无法忍受”被推迟，当男孩到达集市时，一半已经是黑暗的了。 更重要的是，在
一个摊位门口的年轻女士“不鼓励”，对男孩说“出于责任感”。当大厅的上半部分完全黑暗时，男孩 的幻想破灭了。因此，“凝视着黑暗，我把自己看作是一个被虚荣心驱使和嘲笑的生物;我的眼睛因痛苦和愤怒而 燃烧。”
American Literature Chapter 1 The Romantic Period
1. What is the background of American Romanticism?美国浪漫主义的背景。 Historically,it was time of westward expansion;
Econo mically,the whole country was experienci ng an in dustrial tran sformatio n which affected the rural and urba n. Politically,democracy and equality became the ideal of the new nation and two party came into being. Literally,an urge to have its own literary expression and to make known its new experienee.
从历史上看，是向西扩张的时候；
经济上，整个国家正在经历一个影响城乡的产业转型。 在政治上，民主和平等成为新国家和两党形成的理想。
从字面上讲，一种有自己的文学表达的冲动，并让人们知道它的新体验。
2. What are the literary characteristics of American Romanticism?美国浪漫主义的文学特征 A. A strong sense optimism giving birth to the spectacular outburst of Romantic feeling. B. The impact of English Romanticism.
C. Ameirca's own philosophy Tran see nden talism.
D. Moral enthusiasm,faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception and a presumption that nature was a source of goodness.
A一种强烈的乐观精神孕育着浪漫情怀的迸发。 B英国浪漫主义的影响。 C美国自己的超验主义哲学。
D道德热情，相信个人主义和直觉的价值，并假设自然是善良的源泉。 3. What are the artistic features of Irving's works?欧文作品的艺术特色
A. Amusing and humorous,creation of a world permeated with a dreaming with a dreaming quality. B. Musicality in almost every line of his prose. C. Gothic elements and super natural atmosphere
D. Association of a place with the inward movement of a perse on ,and creati on of true and vivid character. A有趣和幽默，创造一个充满梦想的世界。 B他的散文几乎每行都有音乐性。 C哥特式元素和超自然的氛围
D内心活动与场景联系，并创造真实和生动的人物形象。
4. Transcendentalism made great contribution to the development of American Romantic Literature.What are the
leading figures in this movement and what are their major works?超验主义为美国浪漫文学的发展做出了 巨 大贡献。这个
运动的主要人物是什么？他们的主要工作是什么？
Leading figures are Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.
Emerson wrote Nature,which discusses the love of the nature,the uses of nature,the idealis philosophy in relation to nature,evidences of spirit in the material universe,and the potential expansion of human souls and works that will result from a gen eral return to direct,immediate contact with the n atural environ merit.
爱默生写了《自然》，它讨论了自然的爱，自然的使用，与自然有关的理想哲学，物质宇宙中精神的证据，以及 人类灵魂和作品的潜在扩张，这些都将由一个一般的回归直接与自然环境联系起来。
Thoreau wrote Alden,which fully dem on strates Emers onian ideas of sefl-reliance and develops and tests Thoreau's own transcendental philosophy.
梭罗写了《沃尔登》，它充分展示了爱默生思想的依赖和发展，并测试了梭罗自己的超验哲学。
5. Nature is a pholosophic workjn which Emerson gives an explicit discussion on his idea of the Over-Soul.What is your understanding of Emersonian “Over・Soul”？自然是一种哲学作品，爱默生对他关于超灵 的概念进行了明确的讨论。
你对爱默生“超灵”的理解是什么？
In his essays,Emerson put forward his philosophy of the over-soul,the importance of the In dividual,a nd Nature.Emerson rejected both the formal religion of the churches and the Deistic philosophy;instead he based his religion on an intuitive belief in an ultimate unity,which he called the 6. What is the style of Emerson's prose?爱默生散文的风格是什么？ A. A casual style. B. Characterized by a series of short declarative sente nces not quite logically conn ected but flowed ng out i nto illustrative statements of truth and thoughts; C. Though sometimes difficult to understand,comparisons and metaphors help to make the general idea clearly expressed; D. Literary resources in classic of western European literature to enrich his own points; E. A distinctive American style as he called for in the American Scholar A随意文体风格 B以一系列简短的陈述句为特征，这些句子在逻辑上并不是很有逻辑性，但却是真实和思想的例证； C虽然有时很难理解，但比较和隐喻有助于使一般思想清楚地表达出来； D西方欧洲文学经典文学资源丰富自己的观点； E他在美国学者中所提倡的一种独特的美国式风格 7. Young Goodman Brown is regarded as one of Hawthorne's most profound tales.What is the theme of the story?Give examples from the story to show Hawthorne's masterful use of symbolism. 年轻的古德曼•布朗被认为是霍桑最深刻的故事之一。这个故事的主题是什么？请举例说明霍桑高超的象征手法。 The theme of the story is the convern of guilt and evil. Take the name of the hero, Brown for example,It stands for everyman in the society. 故事的主题是罪恶与的结合。 以主人公的名字，布朗为例，它代表了社会上的普通人。 Discussion 1. Talk about Emerson5s Transcendentalist idea and his view of nature.谈谈爱默生的超验主义思想和他对自 然的看法。 Emers on's Tran see nden talist idea: A. Actually a philosophical school that absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism. B. Focus on the intuitive knowledge of human beings to grasp the absolute in the universe and the divinity of man. C. Religion based on an intuitive belief in an ultimate unity,Over-Soul. Emerson's view of nautre: Nature is emblematic of the spiritual world,alive with God's overwhelming presenee.Nature exercises a healthy and restorative in flue nee on huma n mind. 爱默生的超验主义的想法： A实际上是一所吸收了美国清教主义和欧洲浪漫主义思想观念的哲学学派。 B专注于人类的直觉知识，掌握宇宙的绝对和人类的神性。 C宗教基于一种直觉的信念，即最终的统一，超灵魂。 爱默生的自然观： 大自然是精神世界的象征，在上帝的压倒性的存在下生存。自然对人的思想有健康和恢复的影响。 2. Discuss the allegory and symbolism in Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown. 讨论霍桑年轻的古德曼•布朗的寓言和象征意义。 A The story is essentially an allegory showing that there is evil in every human heart. B. AIIegorically,the hero becomes an everyman named Brown. C. While using allegory to hold fast against the crushing blows of reality,the symbol serves as a weapon to attack and penetrate it. D. Objects and even charactersjike Faith,can be used as symbols. A这个故事本质上是一个寓言，表明每个人的内心都有。 B寓言里，主人公变成了一个叫布朗的普通人。 C使用讽喻来紧紧抓住现实的破碎时，象征是攻击和穿透它的武器。 D物体，甚至是人物，像信仰一样，可以作为象征。 3. Comment on Whitman's style and language.论惠特曼的风格和语言 A. Radically innovative in terms of poetic form by using “free verse\scheme. B. The use of poetic T representing all those people in his poems as well as the poet C. Relatively simple and crude D. Honest and undistorted images of different aspects of America of the day E. Strong tendency to use oral English. A用“自由诗”来表达诗歌形式的根本创新，没有固定节奏或韵律的诗歌。 B诗歌“我”的使用代表了他诗歌中的所有人以及诗人 C相对简单和粗糙 D对美国不同方面的诚实和不失真的图像 E较强的使用英语口语的倾向。 4. Retell in a few sentences the story of the last chapter”The Chase-Third Day” of Melville's novel Moby-Dick.Discuss the meaning of the ending of the story. 用几句话中复述了梅尔维尔小说《白鲸》最后一章“第三天”的故事。讨论故事结尾的意义。 The story of Moby-Dick is simple,telling the battle between Ahab,captain of the whaling ship Pequod and the mostrous white whale Moby Dick.Ahab is obsessed by his determi nation to reve nge himself upon the fierce,cunning whale,because it has crippled him.After many days of search and pursuit,the white whale is fin ally sighted.Chapter 135 is a descripti on of the third day's chase.Three boats have been lowered in chase of the whale,but two of them are later destroyed by the whale.Although the whale is harpooned at last,the ship is sunk and all the people aboard are drowned except Ishmael,the narrator of the story who pappens to be rescued by another whale ship. 《白鲸》的故事很简单，讲述了亚哈的战斗，他是捕鲸船裴廓德号船长和大白鲸的Moby-Dicko亚哈决心要报复 那凶猛、狡猾的鲸鱼，因为它使他残废了。经过多日的搜寻和追逐，白鲸终于被发现了。第135章描述了第三天 的追逐。为了追逐鲸鱼，三艘船被降下，但其中两艘后来被鲸鱼摧毁。虽然鲸鱼最后被鱼叉捕获，但船沉了，船 上所有的人都淹死了，除了以实玛利(Ishmael)这个故事的叙述者之外，他是被另一艘捕鲸船营救出来的。 Moby-Dick is not merely a whaling tale or sea adventure」t is a tragic epic.The voyage the Pequod has been made as a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe,a spiritual exploration into man's deep reality and psychology.The battle between Ahab and the white whale symbolizes the struggle between man and nature,man and fate,good and evil. 《白鲸》不只是一个捕鲸故事或海上冒险。这是一部悲剧性的史诗。“裴廓德号”的航行是为了探索宇宙的和 知识，对人类的深层现实和心理学进行精神探索。亚哈与白鲸之间的斗争象征着人与自然、人与命运、善与恶之 间的斗争。
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