简介:Coffee is a widely consumed beverage（除水以外的）饮料 prepared from the roasted seeds—commonly called \"beans\"—of the coffee plant.
历史:Coffee was first consumed as early as the 9th century, when it was discovered in the highlands of Ethiopia.
From Ethiopia [ˌiθiˈopiə, it spread to Egypt and Yemen [ˈjɛmən, and by the fifteenth century had reached Persia, Turkey, and northern Africa. From the Muslim . 穆斯林的, 教信徒的 world, coffee spread to Italy, then to the rest of Europe and the Americas.
Today, coffee is one of the most popular beverages worldwide.
种类: Coffee berries are picked, processed加工的, and dried.
The seeds are roasted at temperatures around 200 °C (392 °F), during which the sugars in the bean caramelize ˈkærəməˌlaɪz, . 加熔(糖)使焦, the bean changes color, and the flavor develops. The beans are roasted to a light, medium, or dark brown color, depending on the desired flavor. The roasted beans are ground and brewed调制酿造 in order to create coffee.
Black coffee: A drip brew, percolated ˈpəkəˌlet (用渗滤壶)煮(咖啡) or French press style coffee served straight, with no milk.
Caffe Latte牛奶咖啡: Essentially, a single shot of espresso蒸汽加压煮出的浓咖啡
in steamed (not frothed) frɔθ, 1. 泡, 泡沫milk. The ratio of milk to coffee should be about 3:1, but you should be aware that latte in Italian means ‘milk’, so be careful ordering one when in Rome.
Cafe Macchiato玛奇朵咖啡: A shot of espresso（蒸汽加压煮出的浓咖啡） with steamed milk added. The ratio of coffee to milk is approximately 4:1.
Cappuccino: Usually equal parts espresso, steamed milk, and frothed milk, often with cinnamon 肉桂or flaked chocolate sprinkled on top. Some coffee shops will add more milk than that so that the customer will get a bigger drink out of the deal, but that makes the coffee itself far weaker.
Dry Cappuccino\\Wet Cappuccino
Mocha: This popular drink is basically a Cappuccino or Latte with chocolate syrup糖浆 added to the mix. Sweeter, not as intense in coffee flavor, and a good ‘gateway’ coffee for those who don’t usually do the caffeine thing.
White coffee: A black coffee with milk added.
Coffee has played an important role in many societies throughout history. In Africa and Yemen it was used in religious ceremonies. So that means it’s a very formal drink.. In the 17th century it was banned in Ottoman Turkey for political reasons.
In Europe it was once associated with rebellious 反叛的political activities. Today, trade in coffee has a large economic value. Coffee is an important export commoditykə'mɑdɪti]商品、货物 for many countries; in 2004, coffee was the top agricultural export for 12 countries, and in 2005, it was among the world's top fifteen legal agricultural exports in value.
From 1998 to 2000, 6.7 million tons of coffee were produced annually and forecasts predict that production will rise to 7 million metric公制的 tons annually by 2010.
The health effects of coffee are disputed, and many studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and certain medical conditions.
Studies have suggested that the consumption of coffee lowers the risk of certain diseases but may have negative effects as well, especially when consumed in excess.The current consensus一致同意 of medical experts is that moderate有节制的 coffee consumption is not a health concern.Coffee is also a source of caffeine, and the majority of all caffeine consumed worldwide comes from coffee.
Advantages
1. Coffee has anti-oxidant contents.
咖啡含有抗氧化物质。（女孩子们都知道抗氧化物质是延缓衰老的anti-aging，说明咖啡也具有这样的功效哦）
2. It protects you from having type 2 diabetes糖尿病. Coffee has natural sugar content that makes it more blood sugar friendly. It is advisable though that you put less processed sugar when preparing coffee drinks and consume in small quantities.
咖啡能防止你患上二型糖尿病。咖啡含有天然糖分，因而是它对血糖更有好处。但是仍然建议您在做咖啡时少放加工过的糖，并且以少喝咖啡为宜。
3. It helps fight cancer especially colon 'kəulən] cancer结肠癌. As an active antioxidant producer, coffee can help reduce the risk of developing certain cancers.
咖啡有助于抵抗癌症，尤其是结肠癌。咖啡，作为一种活跃的抗氧化物生产者，有助于降低患某种癌症的风险。
4. It is a good anti-depressant抗忧郁的 drink. Drinking coffee can bring mental focus and relaxation. The fresh scent香味 aroma 芳香of coffee can calm mood swings and making your brain always alert.
咖啡是一种良好的抗抑郁饮品。喝咖啡可以使人精神集中，也可以放松心情。咖啡的新鲜香味可以缓解情绪波动，并且使大脑处于敏锐状态。
5. Good for the heart. It contains Tannin丹宁酸 which promotes good cardiovascular kɑ:di:əʊ'væskjələ]心血管的 health. Consuming a small amount of espresso coffee can benefit your heart and found no negative effect.
对心脏有好处。咖啡里含有的单宁酸可以促进心血管健康。饮用少量意大利特浓咖啡有益于心脏，没有副作用。
Disadvantages
1. Coffee is addictive. Too much consumption of caffeine can cause addiction. Better drink coffee moderately to avoid this habit.
咖啡令人上瘾。摄入太多咖啡因可以使人上瘾。最好适量饮用咖啡才可以避免形成习惯。
2. It can cause depression and nervousness.
可以导致抑郁和紧张。（这一个正好和上面的抗抑郁相反，看来任何事物都应适可而止啊stop before going too far)
3. It can cause ulcers溃疡. Drinking coffee without taking any solid food can harm your stomach.
可以导致溃疡。只喝咖啡而不吃任何“干粮”（固体的食物）会伤害你的胃。
The History of Coffee
The history and development of the beverage that we know as coffee is varied and
interesting, involving chance occurrences, political intrigue.:in'tri:ɡ], 阴谋and the pursuit of wealth and power.
According to one story, a sheepherder 牧羊的人named Kaldi as he tended his sheep
noticed the effect of coffee beans on behavior. He noticed that the sheep became
hyperactive极度活跃的 after eating the red \"cherries\" from a certain plant when they
changed pastures牧草地. He tried a few themselves, and was soon as overactive as his herd.牧群 The story relates that a monk修道士 僧侣 happened by and scolded him for \"partaking吃、喝 of the devil's fruit.\" However the monks soon discovered that this fruit from the shiny green plant could help them stay awake for their prayers.
根据传说，是一个叫卡尔迪的牧羊娃偶然间发现了咖啡。差不多两千年前，他正在红海边的山坡上放牧他的山羊。山羊开始嚼一些灌木丛上的浆果，吃完浆果后，山羊很快就兴奋地欢蹦乱跳。 卡尔迪决定自己也尝尝这种果子，很快地他也兴奋地跳起来。 一个附近修道院的修道士看到这奇怪的一幕后，也去尝了一些这种果子。他用热水冲在咖啡豆上，很喜欢它的味道。他又把这种饮料传给修道院的其他兄弟喝，晚祷告时人人都精神奕奕，神采飞扬。 当然，今天咖啡仍被全世界享用着。
Another legend gives us the name for coffee or \"mocha.\" An Arabian was banished放逐 to the desert with his followers to die of starvation. In desperation, Omar had his friends boil and eat the fruit from an unknown plant. Not only did the broth save the exiles, but the residents of the nearest town, Mocha, took their survival as a religious sign. The plant and its beverage were named Mocha to honor this event.
One early use for coffee would have little appeal today. The Galla盖尔族人 tribe from Ethiopia used coffee, but not as a drink. They would wrap the beans in animal fat as their only source of nutrition while on raiding突然袭击 parties. The Turks were the first countries to adopt it as a drink, often adding spices such as clove, cinnamon, cardamom and anise to the brew.
Coffee was introduced much later to countries beyond Arabia whose inhabitants
believed it to be a delicacy对什么感到棘手 and guarded its secret as if they were top secret military plans. The government forbade transportation of the plant out of the Moslem nations. The actual spread of coffee was started illegally. One Arab named Baba Budan smuggled走私 beans to some mountains near Mysore, India, and started a farm there. Early in this century, the descendants后代、后裔 of those original plants were found still growing fruitfully in the region.
Coffee was believed by some Christians to be the devil's drink. Pope教皇 Vincent III heard this and decided to taste it before he banished it. He enjoyed it so much and baptized洗礼 it, saying, \"coffee is so delicious it would be a pity to let the infidels不信宗教的人 have exclusiveiks'klu:siv] 高级的奢华的use of it.\"
Coffee today is grown and enjoyed worldwide, and is one of the few crops that small farmers in third-world countries can profitably export.
历史上，咖啡一直都很流行。拿破仑把咖啡称作\"智力饮料\"，而且据说法国哲学家兼作家
伏尔泰Voltaire每天要喝七十二杯咖啡。有一个时期的土耳其，如果丈夫不能为为妻子提供咖啡，妻子可以和丈夫离婚。1735年，德国作曲家约翰·赛巴斯蒂昂·BACH完成了他的\"咖啡大合唱\"，这支曲子歌颂了咖啡。 那么喝咖啡之风是从哪里兴起的呢？ 根据传说，是一个叫卡尔迪的牧羊娃偶然间发现了咖啡。差不多两千年前，他正在红海边的山坡上放牧他的山羊。山羊开始嚼一些灌木丛上的浆果，吃完浆果后，山羊很快就兴奋地欢蹦乱跳。 卡尔迪决定自己也尝尝这种果子，很快地他也兴奋地跳起来。 一个附近修道院的修道士看到这奇怪的一幕后，也去尝了一些这种果子。他用热水冲在咖啡豆上，很喜欢它的味道。他又把这种饮料传给修道院的其他兄弟喝，晚祷告时人人都精神奕奕，神采飞扬。 当然，今天咖啡仍被全世界享用着。
A cup of Joe
