非谓语动词

第二讲 非谓语动词

第一节 不定式

一、不定式结构作主语

To see one time is better than to hear a hundred times.（百闻不如一见。） 注①：在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行it代替主语，而把不定式后置：

It’s a great pleasure to be here.

注②：这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子，如： It took us five hours to get there.

注③：不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“ for + 名词词组” 来表示，如： It was difficult for me to do the work.

注④：某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时，常在不定式之前加上 “of + 名词词组” 来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况，如：

It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal. 二、不定式结构作表语

1．主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果），如：

To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.

2．主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等为中心词的名词词组，或以 what 引导的名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如：

My suggestion is to start work at once.

What I would suggest is to start work at once.

注：在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词do 时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号 “to”，如：

All we have to do is push the button.

The only thing I can do now is go on by myself. 三、不定式结构作动词宾语

1．“动词 + 带 to 的不定式结构”。这类动词常见的有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, continue, try, start, forget, mean, intend, begin, 等，例如：

I’ve arranged to meet him at ten o’clock. I didn’t think / expect to find you here.

2．“动词 + 疑问词 + 带 to 的不定式结构”。（这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句）。这类动词常见的有：tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget, inquire, know, explain, remember, see, understand, wonder 等。

疑问词（也称连接代/副词）有：what, where, who(m), when, how, whether, which（why 除外），如：

I don’t know what to do / where to go / who(m) to ask / when to stop / how to get there.

I haven’t decided whether to sell it or not.

注① ：如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语，则应使用先行 it，把不定式后置，例如：

I find it difficult to understand him.

We thought it wrong not to help her. 四、不定式结构作定语

1．不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后，如：

He is not a man to bow before difficulties. Have you anything to declare?

2．能带不定式结构作宾语的动词，转化成名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语，如：

I don’t wish to quarrel with you.

→I have no wish to quarrel with you.

3．某些能带不定式结构作状语的形容词，转化成名词时，也能带不定式结构作定语，如：

He was obviously anxious to go.

→ His anxiety to go was obvious.

4．不定式结构与所修饰的名词，有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系，如：

He has a large family to support (= that he must support).

注：处于动宾关系的情况下，如果不定式是不及物动词，它后面应加上必要的介词，如：

She has a lot of things to attend to. The nurse has five children to look after. 五、不定式结构作状语

不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示目的、原因、结果、条件等。

1．表示目的：

He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly. He went home to see his mother.

注①：不定式结构表示目的时，通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语(参见以上三句)，但也有例外的情况，例如：

He opened the door for the children to come in.

They sent a man to mend the window.

注②：为了强调表示目的的不定式结构，通常可以在不定式符号 to 之前加上 in order 或 so as，如：

He came here in order to see Charlie. He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.

注③：表示目的的不定式可以置于句首，这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一。但是，置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上in order，但却不可以加上so as ，如： 2. 表示结果：

The boy is old enough to go to school.

His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.

注意：下列句子中的不表示结果，也无否定含义：

I’m only too glad to go. (= I’m very glad to go.)

I shall be only too pleased to get home. (= I shall be very pleased to

get home.)

3. 表示原因：（不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作） She wept to hear the news.

I pretend to be happy to know him. 六、不定式结构作宾语补足语

1．既能用不定式结构又能用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词：

△ see, watch, notice, look at, hear, listen to, observe, feel, have;

△ imagine, find, discover, like, want, understand, hate, bring, get, leave, set

注①：一般说来，用不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成（即全过程）；而用现在分词则表示动作正在进行，如：

Did you see anyone enter the house? He saw his father talking with his teacher.

注②：使用不定式作宾语补足语时，在有些动词后面，不定式符号to 应当省略。

△ 下列动词用不定式作宾语补足语时，必须省去不定式符号to：

let, make, have, see, watch, notice, look at, observe, hear, listen to

He observed someone open the door.

△feel 一词在使用 to do 型不定式作宾语补足语时，不带 to；在使用 to be 型不定式时，要带 to，如：

He felt them to be right. Did you feel the earth shake?

△ help 一词在使用不定式作宾语补足语时，可以带 to，也可以不带 to，如：

Do you often help your mother (to) do the housework?

△使用不定式作宾语补足语的句子，改为被动结构以后，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语，这时，“to”不可以省略，如：

The boss made them work from morning till night. They were made to work from morning till night.

考点一．不定式的一般式，完成式，进行式，完成进行式，被动形式

1．不定式的一般式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语所表示的动作（或状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或者是在它之后发生

They invited us to go there this summer.

2．如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，这个不定式就要用完成式，如：

I’m glad to have seen your mother.

3．如果主要谓语所表示的动作（或情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行，这时，不定式就要用进行式。

They are said to be building another bridge across the river.

4．如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行，就需要用完成进行式，如：

She wished to have been training as hard as the others.

5．当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要采用被动形式。

It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.

考点二． 不带to 的不定式

1． 在do nothing but/expect（只。。。，仅。。。）, do anything but /expect(只不) 后， 当but 前有do的某种形式时，后接不带to 的不定式

The child did nothing except weep. She can do anything but sing.

In the course of a day students do far more than just attend classes. 而在 there is no choice/ alternative but或 to have no choice/ alternative but 后 接带 to的不定式。

That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but to call in the police.

2. 在had better,would rather/sooner…than…， Would just as

soon,might just as well, can’t help but后都必须接动词原形，其中can’t help but +v.= can’t help doing ，意为“不得不做”。

I can’t help but admire a person who is reluctant to complain about his problem.

我不得不佩服不愿抱怨自己问题的人。

第二节 动名词

1．动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别

动名词和不定式作主语，一般都可以使用形式主语it，而将动名词或不定式放在句尾。但是在下列句型中，一般宜用动名词，不宜用不定式来代替：

It’s no use going there today; he won’t be at home.

It’s a waste of time arguing about it.

It’s no good waiting here. Let’s walk home.

而在It’s important … / It’s necessary … / It’s advisable … / It’s essential … / It’s fitting … 这类句型中，只能用不定式，如：

It’s important to learn foreign languages.

It’s quite necessary to read it many times

2．动名词作表语

①：动名词作表语与不定式作表语的区别：

动名词作表语时表示比较抽象的一般行为、习惯；不定式作表语时表示具体的某一次动作，特别是将来的动作，试比较：

My favourite sport is swimming.

The first thing for us to do is to improve our pronunciation.

②：动名词作表语与现在分词作表语的区别：

动名词作表语时相当于名词，说明主语的含义及内容，它与主语是同等关系，主语与表语互换位置不影响句子的基本含义，但不可用副词来修饰。

现在分词作表语时相当于形容词，说明主语的特征、性质、状态等，主语与表语不可互换位置，但可用very, quite等副词来修饰，如：

My job is looking after the children.

Our duty is serving the people heart and soul.

The situation is encouraging.

This cake is very inviting.

3．动名词作宾语

只能用动名词作宾语的动词，其中有：avoid, admit, consider, delay, advise, dislike,

enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, give up, can’t help, imagine, keep (on), don’t mind, miss, practise, put off, stop, go on, resist, suggest等，如：

Mary is considering changing her job.

I enjoy working with you.

Would you mind ringing me up tomorrow?

另一类是既可以用动名词，又可以用不定式作宾语的动词，其中有：begin, cannot bear, continue, forget, hate, intend, like, love, plan, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start, try, want, need, can’t afford等。

上述动词尽管可以带两种结构作宾语，但用法不尽相同，需要注意下列几个情况：

A. 在begin, start, cease, continue, cannot bear, hate, like, love, prefer, propose 等动词后，两种结构意义无大的出入，如：

She can’t bear being laughed at / to be laughed at.

但是在下列情况下，通常用不定式：

a. 在would like / love / prefer / hate 后表示一个特定的新动作时：

I’d like to buy a suit.

I’d hate to disappoint them.

b. 当谓语动词已用进行时态时：

The water is beginning / starting to boil.

I’m starting to work on my essay next week.

c. 在begin 等后，非限定动词由某些状态动词构成时（即：指心理状态或精神活动时）：

She began to believe his story.

He began to realize that he was wrong.

d. 当主语是物，不是人时：

The water started / began to boil.

The ice started / began to melt.

B. 在need, want, deserve等后，可用动名词的主动式表示被动含义，或用不定式的被动式，意义上无差别。但用动名词较为普遍，（这时主语一般是物），如：

The door needs oiling / to be oiled.

C. 有的动词尽管可以用两种结构，但意义明显不同，须认真加以区别：

I forgot to close the door before I left the room.

I forgot having closed the door.

He tried to write better. (尽量努力地写)

He tried writing with a brush. (用毛笔试着写)

I couldn’t help finishing it. (不能不结束某事)

I couldn’t help to finish it. (不能帮助结束某事)

They left off fishing. (停止钓鱼)

They left off to fish. (离开某处出发去钓鱼)

I regret to say that there is no wine in the bottle. (对现在要发生的事表示遗憾、抱歉)

I regret not taking your advice. (后悔)

动名词（短语）还常常跟在短语动词之后，作介词的宾语。常见的有：

insist on / persist in / think of / dream of / object to / hear of / prevent …

from / keep … from / stop … from / feel like / be engaged in / look forward to / depend on / thank … for / excuse … for / devote … to / set about / spend … in / get (be) used to … / be fond of / be afraid of / be tired of / succeed in / be interested in / be proud of / burst out / give up 等，如：

Why do you persist in thinking that way / doing so?

He insisted on seeing us home.

They all objected to putting the meeting off.

Are you interested in going to the show?

I’m thinking of going to town this afternoon.

I don’t feel like eating anything.

She is afraid of falling behind the others.

He finally got tired of doing office work.

4．动名词作定语

singing competition swimming pool

dining car opening speech

drinking cup living room

typing paper waiting room

writing desk washing machine

frying-pan sleeping-pill

walking stick teaching method

注：动名词作定语表示被修饰名词的用途，它和名词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系；而

现在分词作定语，表示被修饰名词本身的动作、行为，它和名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。

5．动名词的复合结构就是前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构。

有时为了明确动名词所表示的动作的执行者，可以在动名词之前加上一个物主代词或名词所有格，来表示动名词逻辑上的主语。有时也可以用人称代词宾格或名词普通格，不过，这主要用于口语中。如：

She won’t hear of us leaving the village.

Do you object to Li Ping’s joining the physics group?

注①：如果不是在句子的开头，这个结构常用名词的普通格或人称代词宾格，如：

I don’t like the idea of us / our not helping at all.

I don’t mind Jane buying another one.

注②：如果动名词的逻辑主语是表示无生命的东西的名词，或不定代词，就只能用普通格，不能用所有格，如：

Is there any hope of your team winning the match?

The boy was alarmed by someone knocking at the door.

考点一、动名词的复合结构

① 作主语：

Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.

Nothing is worse than our bowing before difficulties.

② 作表语：

Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.

What’s troubling them is their not having enough machine tools.

③ 作宾语：

Do you mind my reading your paper?

Please excuse my interrupting you.

④ 作介词宾语：

They insisted on my staying there for supper.

Do you think there will be any chance of my seeing him again?

考点二、动名词的完成形式与被动形式

He didn’t mention having met me.

I regret not having taken her advice.

I don’t remember having ever promised you that.

注：在某些动词之后（或在成语中）常用（或可以用）动名词的一般形式表示在谓语动作之前发生的动作，如：

Excuse me for coming late.

I don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere.

② 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的承受者时，这个动名词一般要用被动形式，如：

This question is far from being settled.

He did it without being asked.

They insisted on their being treated as ordinary workers.

He didn’t mind being left at home.

注：如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生，有时需要用动名词的完成被动形式，如：

I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.

第三节 分词

1．作表语。现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征或属性；过去分词多表示主语所处的状态，如：

The news was exciting.

The situation is encouraging.

She looked disappointed.

He appeared satisfied with my answer.

注①：已经成为形容词的分词，可以用very修饰；没有完全成为形容词的分词宜用much或quite，有时也可用very much，如：

I’m very much pleased.

He’s very much worried about his health.

注②：过去分词作表语时，应注意与被动结构的区别。

系表结构说明主语的状态或具有的性质、特点；被动结构强调谓语动作，指主语所承受的动作。此外还有：

系表结构：a. 常用一般现在或一般过去时态；b. 一般不带状语；

c. 可以有不及物动词的过去分词。

被动结构：a. 有多种时态，常与主动语态的时态一致；b. 可以带时间、方式或by短语作状语；c. 必须是及物动词。

The small village is surrounded by trees. (状态)

The small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers. (动作)

I’m interested in chess.

I was interested by what you told me.

2．作定语：

① 单独作定语，应放在被修饰的名词之前，如：

touching story / leading cadres / shining example / coming week /

skilled worker / armed forces / boiled water / steamed bread

Barking dogs seldom bite.

Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall.

注：分词作定语时，意义上接近于一个定语从句，如：

Who is the man standing (= that is standing) by the door?

They built a highway leading (= which leads) into the mountains.

They are problems left (= which have been left) over by history.

Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun?

③ 作定语的现在分词所表示的动作发生的时间有两种情况：

a. 表示正在进行的动作, (变为从句时要用进行时态), 如：

Tell the children playing there (who are playing there) not to make so much noise.

Did you see the man talking (who was talking) to the manager?

b. 表示经常性的动作, 或现在 (或当时) 的状态, (变为从句时, 用一般时态), 如：

They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south.

The house standing (= that stands) at the corner of the street was built in 1955.

④ 过去分词作定语时，过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，也可以是没有一定的时间性，如：

Is this the book recommended by our teacher?

The meeting held last week is very important.

He is a man loved by all.

I hate to see letters written in pencil.

注①：如果所表示的动作现刻正在发生，或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生，可以用现在分词的被动形式来表示，如：

The meeting being held is very important.

We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.

注②：如果所表示的是一个未来的动作，可以用一个不定式的被动形式来表示，如：

The meeting to be held next week is very important.

Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting.

⑤ 分词还可以作非性定语（相当于一个非性定语从句），这时，它和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开，试比较：

All my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists.

All my brothers, living in Shanghai, are scientists.

⑥ 本节值得注意的问题：现在分词短语作定语时，所表示的动作不能先于谓语所表示的动作，也不可以表示将来。另外，一般不用现在分词的完成式作定语，所以，下列句子都是错的：

Here is Mr. Li coming from Beijing. (应改为who has come from Beijing)

Those having finished their work can go home now. (应改为who have finished)

The man giving us a lecture last week left for Shenzhen this morning. (应改为

who gave us)

⑦ 系动词的现在分词形式不可用作后置定语，此时要用从句来表示，如：

Those being busy don’t have to go. (应改为Those who are busy don’t have to go.)

His brother being a PLA man is 18 years old. (应改为who is)

⑧ 不及物动词的过去分词不可用作后置定语，若要表示这个意思要用从句，如：

The lion died in this zoo the other day was a mother lion. (应改为which/that died)

3．作状语：

① 现在分词作状语，表示陪衬性的动作或伴随情况，如：

The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.

They stood there for an hour watching the game.

She sat at the desk reading a newspaper.

② 现在分词作状语，表示行为方式或手段（这类状语可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，有时还可以放在句中），如：

Following the guide, they started to climb.

Working this way, they greatly reduced the cost.

Travelling by jeep, we visited a number of cities.

③ 现在分词作状语，表示原因或理由，如：

Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.

Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.

Being so poor in those days, we couldn’t afford to send the boy to hospital.

④ 现在分词作时间状语（相当于 when 引导的从句），如：

Turning around, she saw a police car driving up.

Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.

Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those days in Yan’an.

注①：这里分词表示的是一个极短暂的动作，这动作一发生，谓语动词所表示的动作立即发生。这类分词一般放在句首。如果两个动作是完全同时发生的，多用when 或 while + 分词这种结构，如：

Be careful when crossing the street.

Don’t mention this while talking to him.

注②：如果要强调谓语动词的动作发生时，分词的动作已经完成，这个分词要用完成形式，如：

Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work.

Having heard this, the woman astronaut expressed her satisfaction.

⑤ 现在分词作状语还可以表示结果、条件和让步，如：

Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children. (结果)

The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. (结果)

Working hard, you will succeed. (条件)

Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the site. (条件)

Weighing almost one hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. (让步)

⑥ 过去分词短语作状语，可以修饰谓语，说明动作发生的背景或情况，如：

Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old.

Led by the party, the people have improved their living conditions greatly.

Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the room.

The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs.

⑦ 过去分词短语表示原因（相当于一个原因状语从句），如：

The children, exhausted, fell asleep at once.

He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey. (= as he was exhausted…)

4．作宾语补足语：

① 现在分词做宾语补足语，如：

I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.

I could feel the cold wind blowing on my face.

He tried to start the engine running.

The words immediately set us all laughing.

注：现在分词做宾语补足语表示动作与谓语同时发生或正在进行，强调动作过程。

② 过去分词做宾语补足语，如：

He watched the TV set carried out of the room.

Last year they had the house rebuilt.

When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood.

You’d better have your shoes mended.

注：过去分词做宾语补足语表示动作完成结果，并有被动意义。

考点一：在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致, 但有时它也可以有自己的逻辑上的主语, 这种结构称为结构，可以表示伴随动作或情况, 表示时间、原因、条件等, 例如：

He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. (伴随情况)

The shower being over, we continued to march. (时间)

So many students being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. (原因)

Weather permitting, we’ll have an outing tomorrow. (条件)

All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.

The job done, we went home.

The composition written, he handed it to the teacher.

考点二：现在分词的完成形式和被动形式

① 现在分词的完成形式主要用在状语中，表示动作在谓语动作之前发生，如：

Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.

The delegates, having fulfilled their mission, arrived back in Shanghai.

注：在结构中，也可以用现在分词的完成形式，如：

His comrades having all left for the front, he didn’t want to stay in the rear.

② 在表示一个被动的动作时，如果这个动作是现刻正在进行的，或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生的，就可以用现在分词的被动形式。这种形式可以作定语、状语或构成复合宾语，如：

That building being repaired is our library. （定语）

He asked who was the man being operated on. （定语）

You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere. （宾语补足语）

As we entered the village, we saw new houses being built. （宾语补足语）

Being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse.（状语）

Being protected by a thick wall, they felt they were quite safe. （状语）

有时还有完成被动形式，如：

Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?