四、名词解释：
1) Parole话语： refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
2) Applied linguistics应用语言学：findings in linguistic studies can often be
applied to the solution of such practical problems as recovery of speech ability. The study of such applications known as applied linguistics.
3) Reference（所指）语义： It means what a linguistic form refers to in the real,
physical world, it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 4) Illocutionary act言外行为：the act of expressing the speaker’s intention,it is the
act preformed in saying something.
5) Regional dialect地域方言：it is a linguistic variety used by people living in the
same geographical region.
6) LAD(Language Acquisition Device)语言习得机制：it was described as an
imaginary \"black box\" existing somewhere in the human brain.
7) CA（Contrastive Analysis）对比分析：starting with describing comparable
features of the native language and the target language, CA compares the forms and meanings across these two languages to locate the mismatches or differences so that people can predict the possible learning difficulty learners may encounter. The distinction was made between positive transfer and negative transfer. ①Positive transfer----facilitate target language learning.②Negative transfer----interfere or hinder target language learningIt is believed that differences between the native language and the target language would pose difficulties in second/foreign language learning and teaching 8) Neurolinguistics（神经语言学）：it is the study of two related ares：language
disorders and the relationship between the brain and language. It includes research into how the brain is structured and what function each part of the brain performs, how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language.
9) Predication analysis述谓结构分析：proposed by the British Linguist G.Leech.
In his framework of analysis, the basic unit is called predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. This applies to all forms of a sentence, including statements,imperative and interrogative forms. A predication consists of argument(s) and predicate.
10) Cross-cultural communication(intercultural communication)跨文化交流：it
is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbols systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.
11) Cross-association互相联想：in English we sometimes may come across words
which are similar in meaning. Their spelling and pronunciation are also alike. The close association of the two leads to confusion. Such interference is often referred as cross-association.
12) CPH（Critical Period Hypothesis）临界期假说：a specific and limited time
period for language acquisition.①The strong version of CPH suggests that children must acquire their first language by puberty or they will never be able to learn from subsequent exposure.②The weak version holds that language learning
will be more difficult and incomplete after puberty. (Support in Victor’s and Genie’s cases) 13) Prescriptive（grammer）规定语法：if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules
for \"correct and standard \" behaviour in using language to ell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.
14) Performance语言运用；言语行为：the actual realization of this knowledge in
linguistic communication .
15) Duality双重性(double articulation)：language is a system, which consists of
two sets of structures, or two levels. The lower or basic level is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. The higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentence, such as morpheme or word, which the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of unites of meaning.
